What Country Has the Highest Rate of Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is becoming more recognized across the globe, but rates of diagnosis differ widely from one country to another. This autoimmune disorder, triggered by consuming gluten, affects millions of people, yet many remain undiagnosed. While it was once thought to be rare, especially outside of Europe, research now shows it’s far more widespread than previously believed. But what country has the highest rate of celiac disease? This question has intrigued researchers and health professionals for years. In this article, we’ll explore global trends, look at which countries top the list, and examine the possible reasons behind these statistics. From genetic links to cultural diets and healthcare systems, there are several factors influencing where celiac disease is most common. Understanding this global picture can help improve awareness, early diagnosis, and better support for those living with the condition.

What Country Has the Highest Rate of Celiac Disease?

Among all the nations studied, Sweden stands out as the country with the highest rate of celiac disease. Research has consistently shown that Sweden has a higher prevalence compared to other countries, with estimates suggesting that up to 3% of the population may be affected. What’s even more surprising is that these numbers mostly come from screening studies—meaning many people were diagnosed without showing obvious symptoms.

One major reason Sweden ranks highest is linked to a historical spike in childhood celiac cases in the 1980s and 1990s. Known as the “Swedish celiac epidemic,” this period saw a sharp rise in diagnoses due to changes in infant feeding practices, including early introduction of gluten and reduced breastfeeding. As a result, Sweden began national screening programs, which also helped uncover many silent cases.

This proactive approach to diagnosis has led to more accurate data and early treatment for thousands.

Other Countries With High Celiac Disease Rates

While Sweden has the highest rate, several other countries also report a significant number of celiac disease cases. These nations have either strong screening programs or populations with genetic factors linked to the disease.

Finland is often just behind Sweden. Around 2–3% of its population may have celiac disease. Finland also has a robust healthcare system that encourages early screening, especially for people with family history.

Ireland is another country with high rates. Genetic studies show a large percentage of the population carries the HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 genes, which are associated with the disorder. Ireland’s traditional diet once heavily relied on bread and grains, which might have worsened symptoms in undiagnosed people.

Italy also deserves a mention. The country has national screening laws for children, especially those with risk factors. Because of this, diagnosis rates are high even if the actual number of cases is lower than in Sweden.

In the United States, estimates suggest that about 1% of people are affected. But some studies believe the real number may be higher, as many still go undiagnosed. The variety of diets and inconsistent screening make it harder to get accurate numbers.

Argentina has been leading Latin America in celiac awareness. With strict gluten labeling laws and awareness campaigns, more people are being diagnosed than in nearby countries.

These countries show how both genetics and policy decisions play a role in how often celiac disease is diagnosed.

Why Are Celiac Rates Higher in Some Countries?

There are a few reasons why some countries report more celiac disease than others. It’s not always because people are sicker—it often comes down to how well the disease is detected.

First, genetics play a big role. People with certain genes, especially HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8, are more likely to develop celiac disease. These genes are more common in Northern Europe, which explains why countries like Sweden, Finland, and Ireland report more cases.

Second, diet matters. Countries where gluten-rich foods like bread, pasta, and wheat are eaten daily tend to show more symptoms. If a child is exposed to gluten early and often, their risk might increase—especially if they carry the right genes.

Third, some countries simply have better screening programs. In Sweden and Finland, many people are tested even if they don’t feel sick. That means more silent or mild cases are caught. In contrast, countries with less access to healthcare or awareness may miss most of their cases.

So, it’s not always that people in Sweden are more likely to get sick—it’s that Sweden is more likely to find and diagnose those who already are.

Countries With Low or Underreported Celiac Disease Rates

Some places seem to have very low celiac disease rates. But experts warn that these numbers might not be accurate.

In Japan and China, the disease appears to be rare. But it could be due to underdiagnosis. Doctors may not be trained to look for it, or patients may not report mild symptoms. Also, many traditional Asian diets include rice instead of wheat, which reduces exposure to gluten.

Sub-Saharan Africa shows even fewer cases. But in many areas, medical resources are limited. People may not get tested, even if they have symptoms. Some may not even know what celiac disease is.

In these countries, the issue is often not about fewer cases, but less detection. Cultural diets, limited awareness, and lack of proper tests make it harder to understand the real situation.

How Sweden Responded to the Celiac Epidemic

Sweden’s high numbers didn’t go unnoticed. In the 1990s, health officials started to take action. They changed national feeding recommendations and encouraged breastfeeding while delaying gluten introduction in babies.

They also launched mass screening programs. Children were tested even if they didn’t show symptoms. Schools and clinics joined in, making testing a normal part of early health checkups.

As awareness grew, parents became more informed. People began recognizing subtle signs of the disease, like tiredness or skin problems. This helped with early diagnosis and reduced long-term complications.

Sweden also pushed for gluten-free food availability. Supermarkets and restaurants began offering more choices. That made life easier for people living with celiac disease.

The country’s approach became a model for others. It showed that with the right steps, early diagnosis and proper care could improve lives—even in the face of a growing health issue.

Global Trends in Celiac Disease

Celiac disease used to be thought of as a European problem. Not anymore. Around the world, the numbers are rising.

One reason is the spread of the Western diet. As more countries adopt fast food, bread, and processed meals, gluten intake is increasing—even in places where wheat wasn’t a big part of the traditional diet.

Also, doctors are getting better at spotting the disease. In countries like the U.S., Canada, and parts of Asia, medical training now includes guidance on how to recognize and test for celiac disease.

Social media and health blogs have helped too. People share symptoms, stories, and tips, which pushes others to get tested.

Still, not every country is moving at the same pace. While some are improving, others lag behind. But the overall trend is clear: celiac disease is no longer rare, and the world is finally paying attention.

The Role of Genetics vs. Environment

Celiac disease isn’t caused by one thing. It takes both the right genes and the right trigger.

Some people are born with the genes HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8. But not all of them will get sick. They might live a normal life if they don’t eat much gluten, or if they avoid it early on.

Environment also matters. Babies fed gluten too early or too much may be at higher risk—especially if they stop breastfeeding early. Infections, gut health, and stress can also play a role.

Studies show that immigrants from low-risk countries may develop the disease after moving to high-risk countries and changing their diet. This shows that food habits and local customs are a big part of the story.

So, celiac disease isn’t just “in your blood.” It’s about what you eat, where you live, and how early doctors catch it.

Final Thoughts on Celiac Disease by Country

So, what country has the highest rate of celiac disease? The answer is Sweden. But the real story is more complex than just one country.

Yes, Sweden reports the highest rates, thanks to strong screening and a genetic mix that makes the population more likely to be affected. But other countries like Finland, Ireland, and Italy are close behind.

Meanwhile, places like Japan or parts of Africa might have more cases than reported—they just don’t have the tools to find them yet.

Celiac disease is a global issue, and the numbers keep rising. The good news is that with better awareness, testing, and support, people can live full, healthy lives. But it starts with asking the right questions—and looking for answers, one country at a time.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q: What causes celiac disease?
A: It’s caused by a mix of genetics and eating gluten. Some people’s immune systems react badly to gluten and damage their intestines.

Q: Can celiac disease be cured?
A: No, but it can be managed. A strict gluten-free diet usually helps most people feel better and avoid damage.

Q: Is gluten sensitivity the same as celiac disease?
A: No. Gluten sensitivity causes discomfort, but it doesn’t harm the intestines like celiac disease does.

Q: Is celiac more common in women?
A: Yes. Studies show women are more likely to be diagnosed, but men can have it too.

Q: Can children outgrow celiac disease?
A: No. Once diagnosed, celiac disease is lifelong. A gluten-free diet is always needed.